Alzheimer s Disease And Its Effects - 1257 Words

Alzheimer’s in its Full Effect Alzheimer’s disease is named after German physician, Dr. Alois Alzheimer. In 1906, Dr. Alzheimer noticed changes that happened in the brain tissue of Auguste D., who had died of an unusual mental illness. Her symptoms included memory loss, language problems, and unpredictable behavior. So, what exactly is Alzheimer’s? It is an irreversible, progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, and eventually the ability to carry out the simplest tasks. Alzheimer’s has been detected in nearly 15% of people 71 years of age or older because it is caused by a genetic mutation, the disease gets worse over time, and there is currently no cure for it. Unfortunately, scientists do not fully†¦show more content†¦The Genetic Alzheimer’s disease form is extremely rare. A few hundred people have genes that directly contribute to Alzheimer’s disease. The majority of people with early-onset Alzh eimer’s disease have the common form of the disease. The disease will progress in roughly the same way as it does in older people with Alzheimer’s. Alzheimer’s disease leads to nerve cell death and tissue loss throughout the brain. Over time, the brain shrinks dramatically, affecting nearly all of its functions. In advanced Alzheimer’s, the surface layer that covers the cerebrum, shrinks and withers. This damage to the cortex destroys the normal ability to plan ahead, recall, and concentrate. Alzheimer’s also affects the hippocampus. This part of the brain plays an important role in memory. The disease causes the hippocampus to shrivel, which harms the brain’s ability to create new memories. The ability of doctors to diagnose the disease has improved in recent years, but a conclusive diagnosis can be established only when autopsy or brain biopsy shows that nerve cell loss has occurred in the parts of the brain associated with cognitive funct ioning (Alzheimer’s Disease). Alzheimer’s typically follows certain stages which will bring changes in the affected person’s and family’s lives. Because the disease affects each individual differently, the order in which they appear, and the duration of each stage

Essay On Health Care Cost - 942 Words

Healthcare Costs Balancing the budget in government, while attempting to keep costs down by way of the healthcare delivery system makes for shrewd business practices. I will also examine the burden of health care costs on the government and businesses, also at what extent will Americans be able to afford needed care. Today, we are consistently bombarded with the angst to repeal and replace Obamacare the cost for certain diseases still rank high due to the therapeutic dosage of medication that helps to maintain life. Being efficient in the delivery of health care can wound up being costly if people with pre-existing conditions will not be entitled to health insurance without paying too much money. This project will describe trends in the†¦show more content†¦(Federal Government, as an employer, pays the employer portion of the Medicare hospital insurance tax for Federal employees. These payments remain in the Federal sector.)† (1990). Not much has changed except for the newly proposed h ealth care plan wants to put the burden solely on the individual. If so, how much would a person be able to pay for their health care if they’re faced with having an organ transplant, diabetes, or heart disease if they have middle to lower class incomes. Let’s look at organ transplantation, the cost for therapeutic sustainability can be astronomical over time, so this is a cost-effective decision. After three years of having said transplant, the costs will decrease, as long as the recipient maintains the regimented therapies. The trend in costs includes the following: 30 days pre-transplant, procurement, hospital transplant admission, physical during transplant, 180 days post-transplant discharge, OP immunosuppressants and other medications. The total could differ from $29,000 to $1,600,000 depending on the organ being transplanted. Medicare covers the cost up to three years post, after that the recipient is left to their own devices, often resulting in another organ failure because they can no longer afford the immunosuppressants and other medications or sometimes even the doctors visit. The trend of kidney transplants is 16,438 in 2010, 16,313 inShow MoreRelatedEssay On Health Care Cost1270 Words   |  6 PagesThe everyday American is faced with the cost of health care which covers, treats, and prevents illness. Health care costs include and extend into vast areas such as; insurance, medication, procedures, co-pays, medical testing, and more. Currently, the United States is facing sky rocketing health costs, a decline in quality of services, and minimal access to quality and cost-efficient care. In the year 2015, the National Health Expenditure was roughly $3.2 trillion dollars, which equates to approximatelyRead MoreEssay On Health Care Costs1333 Words   |  6 Pagesubiquitously known that US health care costs are ballooning, according to research hospital costs grew around 8 percent a year, on average, between 1978 and 2008. 8 percent might seem a small number but it was double the CPI (4 percent a year) which measures the overall price rises in the U.S. economy (Baumol, 6-7). Furthermore, 17% of United States’ GDP was spent on health care, this number exceeded every other country’s health care spending (Altman and Shactman, 235). These costs are attributed to aRead MoreEssay On The Cost Of Health Care834 Words   |  4 Pagesthat creates a shortage in family practices. These shortages in front line care can then raise the cost of receiving basic care services patients receive and using a simple supply versus demand equation cost for health care increases. After reviewing all of these costs it is easy to explain why the cost of health care is rising in the US. Physicians make up one of the most important pieces of the entire health care sector of the economy. Nearly all other types of medical professions operateRead MoreLowering Health Care Costs Essay1027 Words   |  5 PagesHealth care expenditures is an increasing proportion of gross domestic product (GDP) in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries as its share in GDP increased by an average of nearly 2 percent annually in last 40 years. Health care expenditures in the US increased 6.2 on average annually between 1991 and 2011. Health care spending consisted 17.9 percent of GDP in the US in 2011. There are many elements affecting increases in health care costs. The proportion of old people inRead MoreEssay on Health Care Cost Control1051 Words   |  5 PagesHealth Care Cost Control Controlling the expenses of therapeutic forethought has long been a slippery objective in U.S. wellbeing strategy. Marmor, Oberlander, and White in their article The Obama Administrations Options for Health Care Cost Control: Hope Versus Reality, state that â€Å"The United States spends more than any other country on medical care. In 2006, U.S. medicinal services using was $2.1 trillion, or 16% of our terrible household item. In the meantime, more than 45 million Americans needRead MoreHealth Care Cost For Obesity Essay809 Words   |  4 Pages Trends in Health Care Cost for Obesity The trend of health care costs is still primarily based on treatment and less on prevention. Adult obesity is a significant cause of preventable chronic diseases and one cause of increased health care costs in the United States. The cost of obesity impacts each state and community. Adult obesity can be associated with chronic diseases like diabetes, heart disease, stroke, osteoarthritis, and some cancers, just to name a few, and account for more than 75 percentRead More Health care cost Analysis Essay655 Words   |  3 Pages Health Care Costs Analysis nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Healthcare is expensive and Americans want the best possible healthcare they can get. Consumers are demanding more tests, better drugs and insurance coverage. Americans desire a high quality of life and insurers/employers are trying to provide the means, but cost effectively and without raising costs. In order to do this, â€Å"consumers will have to make more decisions, pay more and perhaps demand greater value†Read MoreEssay on Rising Health Care Costs818 Words   |  4 PagesRising Health Care Costs for Small Employers One of the biggest problems small employers face today is the steadily rising costs of health coverage for its employees. This paper covers how health care premiums have risen in double digits for the past five consecutive years, how many small businesses are forced to drop health care coverage for their employees because of the out of control costs, and what small businesses are doing to control the costs and still offer health care coverage to theirRead More The Rising Cost of Health Care Essay560 Words   |  3 Pages Rising medical costs are a worldwide problem, but nowhere are they higher than in the U.S. Although Americans with good health insurance coverage may get the best medical treatment in the world, the health of the average American, as measured by life expectancy and infant mortality, is below the average of other major industrial countries. Inefficiency, fraud and the expense of malpractice suits are often blamed for high U.S. costs, but the major reason is overinvestment in technology and personnelRead MoreThe Cost of Dental Health Care Essay2281 Words   |  10 Pagestheir money on. Dental/ oral health care is important to most people in today’s today world. Since the dental/ oral health industry is very big there are many trends that are arising such as the cost of dental care increase or decreasing, market of the industry and lastly global dental industry. There has always been a large cost on any type of health care that is offered in a country. Whether you are paying it in taxes, directly or through insurance. Dental costs have always been high there have

The Prodigal Son Free Essays

Professor M. Smith English 101 The Prodigal Son, a parable told by Jesus Christ on his journey to Jerusalem and retold in the Gospel of Luke found in the New Testament of the Holy Bible, has become more then a tale of hope for Catholic families to hold on to but for all families to hold on to the faith they have for their children, the new generation, to do right in the world.In many cases there is a rebellious child who wishes and tries to break away from the rest of the family because he or she is feed up with the rules of the house laid down by the parents and believe they can live a lifestyle of their choosing, recklessly and with no thought of consequences that inevitably follows. We will write a custom essay sample on The Prodigal Son or any similar topic only for you Order Now Without guidance from our love ones, there is no perseverance and with no perseverance, happiness cannot exist.The message Jesus Christ was trying to convey is that God is patient and all forgiving of us but, it is up to us the sinners to realize that we truly need this forgiveness in our lives to move ahead in a positive manner that will reward us during our remainder on Earth and in Heaven to come. A parable is â€Å"a short story with the intent to teach a lesson to its audience (OED)†. I believe, though the tale is of Christianity descent, religious followers of any practice as well as atheists can relate to this story to themselves at one point in their lives or another.As a loving parent I wish all the wonders of the world for my child and for him to reach great achievements throughout his life that are more important than just being financially secure and materialized. These achievements are too have a better understanding of how to live a more fulfilling life and if religious, have faith in God that Thy will guide you to all that is bliss in the world. I can proudly say that many parents live like I do, for the gratitude of their child’s or children’s well being. In this parable, the father exemplifies a true meaning of love for his child.As the story begins, the father is asked by his youngest son to divide all the estate that will be given to him and his older brother once he passes away. The loving father is left with two choices, ignore his y oungest son’s selfish request and ostracize him, if willing to, from the home or grant the request and wait suffering for his son to return, learning of his poor judgment and betrayal to his father. A numerous amount of parents teach their kids valuable lessons by allowing them to experience hands on rather than just verbally expressing what could ultimately happen.As human beings we learn much through trial and error in efforts that we can grasp the meaning of right from wrong and avoid making the same mistakes over again throughout our lives. â€Å"Not many days later, the younger son gathered all he had and took a journey into a far country, and there he squandered his property in reckless living† (Luke 15: verse 13). The young son proved to be irresponsible and became needy. In efforts to survive he feed pigs for a living but pondered the thought of living at home. ‘How many of my father’s hired servants have more than enough bread, but I perish here with hunger! I will arise and go to my father, and I will say to him, â€Å"Father, I have sinned against heaven and before you. I am no longer worthy to be called your son. Treat me as one of your hired servants† (17-19). The son did not come to this decision because he acknowledged his wrong doing but simply desperation to feed himself. He believed in doing this act he would have to deal with the anger and rejection of his father and older brother.He was overwhelmed with fear when he saw his father running toward him but he noticed that the expression on his father’s face was full of joy. â€Å"But while he was still a long way off, his father saw him and felt compassion, and ran and embraced him and kissed him. And the son said to him, ‘Father, I have sinned against heaven and before you. I am no longer worthy to be called your son† (20-21) and his manipulative speech dissolved into nothing. It was the father’s love and acceptance that showed his son forgiveness.He called for the servants to cloth and prepare a feast for the return of the Prodigal son, â€Å"a person who leaves home and behaves in such a way, but later makes a repentant return (OED),† because â€Å"for this my son was dead, and is alive again; he was lost, and is found† (24). Rather than just interpreting this parable as a religious lesson, that God waits for us to return to his love through penance and goodwill, we can use this as a guide to lead us to gain a better understanding and closeness with not just our parents but with all of whom we’ve been in contact with.It’s not an easy thing to do but, quite alright to fail and admit to being wrong because forgiveness doesn’t begin with God but within us. In some shape or form we have all played the role of the young son, arrogant and lost. Some of us realize, faster than others, that we need forgiveness to overco me. Some of us haven’t forgiven yet those that have hurt us in the past, like the older brother who refused to part take in the return of his young sibling. Forgiveness is a powerful tool that we all possess and that we should all utilize on those who truly seek it. How to cite The Prodigal Son, Papers

Common Law Legislation

Question: Give a definition from legislation or common law Set out the legal burden of proof and the standard of proof Identify which facts support Actus Reus and Mens Rea Support your analysis with relevant case law and commentary from your law books Decide if there are any causation issues Next look at possible defences Give a definition of the defence from legislation or common law Apply the law to the facts by Identifying which facts support a good case for the accused to show that the defence is true Answer: In the given case scenario, Edward has been charged with murder of his wife. Dawn was the wife of Edward and they were married almost for a year. It is mentioned in the case study that Edward used to take class 1 drugs on a regular basis. Moreover, this is also relevant from the case scenario that Edward used to behave violently on various occasion with his wife Dawn. Moreover, from relevant sources it was found that Edward used tom suffer from anxiety psychosis for a long time and thus he was under medication which he had to take on a regular basis. Sometimes, it was noticed that he missed out taking his medication when he was high in drugs. On a very evening, Dawn came late from work and Edward accused her of dating someone behind his back. However, there arguments lasted for hours and Dawn had decided to leave him and going to live with her new boy friend. This lead to a terrific incident as Edward hit her with a fry pan several time on her head and on her body. However, she fell on the floor and Edward continued with kicking until she was dead. Thus, Edward was charged with murder of her wife. Under the law of UK, Murder is defined as an unlawful killing of a human being without a proper and appropriate justification or any kind of proper excuse. Under the court of law, it is relevant that the court does not have the right to convict an individual unless and until the individual has acted something with a criminal intention (Duff, 2010). Under the common law, law of murder is set out in a very effective way stating that murder is nothing but an unlawful killing of a human being in the Queens peace, with malice aforethought. Malice aforethought is a term, known as mens rea (Sayre, 1932). Mens rea means the individual must have the intention to kill or must have the intention to deliver a grievous bodily harm to the victim. Mens rea is a Latin word and meaning of this word Guilty mind (Yaffe, 2004). Thus, men rea deals with the thinking of the defendant during the time of committing the crime. Therefore, this allows the United Kingdom criminal law system to differentiate bet ween the individual who has committed a crime intentionally with the individual who does not committed the crime with any kind of bad intention. This can be referred from the case study of R v Vickers[1957] 2 QB 664. On the other hand, there prevail another important term in the criminal law system of UK which is termed as Actus Reus. This consists of each and every elements of the crime. However, it does not include the state of the mind of the defendant. Elements, which are included, are as follows: conduct, omission, result or may be a state of affairs (Sim, 1955). According to Actus reus, conduct of the defendant must be voluntary in nature if the defendant incurred any kind of liability due to his conduct (Mangiafico, 2004). Various factors are prevailed in the involuntary of the conduct of the defendant, which are as follows: Automatism: this is implicated in the case scenario where the defendant is associated with any type of physical act. But, it must be also satisfied that the defendant was not aware of his/her doing due to various external factors. Reflex action: Action of the individual due to some spontaneous reflex is included in this factor, which the defendant has no control over it. This is also referring sometimes as a part of automatism. Physical force: conduct of the defendant can be considered to be involuntary if there prevail any kind of physical force implemented by someone. As per the law of UK, most important element of Actus reus of murder is that the victim must be a human being. Thus, an individual cannot be charged as a murderer if the individual kills any animal other than human being. This can be referred from the case study of R v Malcherek and Steel [1981] 2 ALL ER. In the given case scenario, Edward has been considered a murderer as he murdered his wife. Edward has the intention to kill her wife as he continued hitting her till she died. Thus, the defendant has the intention to kill her as per the rule of mens rea. The defendant has the guilty mind and intention during the time of committing the act. In this scenario, the conduct of the defendant was voluntary in nature as per the rules of Actus reus. The above-mentioned points must be satisfied for considering the act of the defendant an involuntary conduct. The evidences, which are required to be submitted by the plaintiff against the defendant for winning the trial, are termed as the standard of proof. Standard of proof varies from cases to cases. Thus, the standard of proof is important to please the prosecutor that there does not prevail any doubt regarding the charges, which are charged against the defendant for conducting unlawful act (Keane and McKeown, 2012). As per Section 141 of the criminal law that in a criminal proceeding the court does not have the right to consider the case as proved unless and until the plaintiff represent proper and reasonable prove against the defendant. For example: Miller v Minister of Pensions [1947] 2 All ER 372 There is another term in the law of UK, which is termed as evidential burden of proof. According to the law, the plaintiff must prove the court with the burden of proof that there prevail a case against the defendant and the defendant is answerable for the trial (Duff, 2010). In many cases, it has been noticed that the defendant has some evidence of burden of proof to rise in front of the court in order to defend himself/herself. As per the example: if the defendant is charged for a grievous bodily harm or murder of someone and he claims that he acted like that in order to defend himself from the victim and for the purpose of self defence, then this can be considered to be the burden of proof on the part of the defendant thereby providing an opportunity to defend himself from the charges made against him. In the case scenario, the defendant Edward does not possess the right to defend himself against the charges, which were made against him. However, the plaintiff on the other hand has an ample of evidence against the defendant for conducting murder of his wife Dawn. In this case scenario, Edward had the intentio0n to kill her and therefore he did not stop hitting and kicking her till she died. However, the defendant Edward has some valid grounds on which he can defendant himself from the charges. It is mentioned in the case scenario, that he was suffering from anxiety psychosis and he was under medication. Anxiety make individual feel like going crazy. In various cases, it gets so extreme that it automatically falls under psychosis. In such cases, patients usually losses reality and in many cases the individual is not aware of that fact. Moreover, the issues are also noticed in such patients related to hallucinations or delusions and thus the patient may fail to understand the difference between reality and experiences. Social and behaviour malfunctions also causes with this type of patient. Thus, the defendant Edward has the ground to defend himself in the court by proving that he was not normal and sound like other individual and he was suffering from anxiety psychosis from several years and he was also under medication. But there prevail a problem regarding the medicati on. It was mentioned in the case study, that often he missed out to take his medicine. If on that very particular on which the incident happened he missed out to take his medicine then it will be considered that due to negligence on the part for Edward, the incident happened. Thus, he will be proved guilty for the charges made by the plaintiff against him. As per the above discussion, it can be concluded that the accused should be sent to a mental institution for his treatment and correction of the act he committed. In this case, the court does not have the right to punish the defendant on the grounds of murdering his wife. It is mentioned in the case scenario that the defendant as suffering from severe anxiety psychosis and he was also under medication. This type of patient fails to recognise sometimes what they are doing. Thus, the defendant must be sent to a mental institution for his treatment and correction regarding the act he conducted by murdering her wife. He can refer to the case study of M'Naghten [1843] UKHL J16 House of Lords.

Newtons Second Law Lab free essay sample

Newton’s 2nd Law Lab Introduction: The purpose of this lab was to prove Newton’s 2nd Law; which states accelerate equals force divided by mass (a=F/m). During this lab we were trying to find out the relationship between acceleration, force, and mass by using a air track, glider with picket fence, and photogates. Before I did the lab, I had already knew that acceleration, force, and mass were related. I just didn’t know how they were related. When recording the results of this lab we had to record the applied force in Newton’s. Newtons’s is a unit of measurement represented in m(meters) divided by s2(seconds squared). I think that F/m=a because in Newton’s second law, he tells us that force is equal to mass times acceleration (f=ma), so if you take the mass and divided by both sides to cancel it out on the right, you would end up with a=f/m. We will write a custom essay sample on Newtons Second Law Lab or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Procedure: First we weighed the glider and fence with the string attached, in kg(kilograms). Then we recorded in the table. Next we weighed the mass of the hanging weight in kg and recorded it in the table. Then we found the total mass being accelerated in kg by adding the mass of the hanging glider to the mass of the hanging weight. Fourth we found the applied force by taking the mass of the hanging weight and multiplying it by 9. 8(gravity). Then we found the theoretical acceleration by using the formula a=F/m and plugged in the total mass for m and the applied force for F. By taking F and dividing it by m we can up with the theoretical acceleration. We then looked on the time graph and found the experimental acceleration by looking at the slope of the velocity time graph and recorded it on the table. Lastly we found the percent difference by taking experimental acceleration, subtracting it from the theoretical acceleration, and then dividing that answer by the theoretical acceleration. We then took that answer and multiplied it by 100 to give us a percent. We then reweighed the glider each time and increased the mass of the hanging weight. Then we repeated steps three through seven, 15 more times so we had enough data. Results/Observations: Result are on the attacked sheet. Durning the lab, I observed that the more mass that was on the hanging weight the less accretion. Also the more mass, the faster the glider went. I also noticed the more weighted you taped onto the glider the faster the glider went. Analysis/Conclusion I think a=f/m because in Newton’s second law, he tells us that force is equal to mass times acceleration (f=ma), so if you take the mass and divided by both sides to cancel it out on the right, you would end up with a=f/m. After this lab, we proved that this theory is right because when you look at the theoretical and experimental acceleration data and you look at the percent difference, they vary from 2. 6% to 18%, which is really good. The numbers are not perfect because of errors in the lab. Some of the possible errors could be from, software calculation and the way we rounded our numbers, the air track had a little bit of friction and the weight of our hanging weight could have hit the ground and fell off before the picket fence went threw the the photogate. In conclusion, our lab proved that acceleration does equal force divided mass because when we took the applied force and divided it by the total mass and come up with the theoretical acceleration, our data result came back with an average percent difference is 5. 04; which is less then 10%!

Answers to Questions About Tense

Answers to Questions About Tense Answers to Questions About Tense Answers to Questions About Tense By Mark Nichol A reader submitted three queries about which verb forms to use to indicate various tenses. Here are the questions and my responses. 1. When do you use have with another verb, and when do you omit it? (For example, â€Å"I have said yesterday . . .† vs. â€Å"I said yesterday . . . .†) When do you use had? (â€Å"I had said yesterday . . . .†) â€Å"I have said yesterday . . .† is erroneous. Use have in this type of construction only when you want to emphasize that the action occurred at an unspecified time: â€Å"I have said that I would support the policy.† (This form is called the present perfect tense.) Use had for the past perfect tense, when you want to indicate that something happened before a previous occurrence or a previous time: â€Å"I had said that I would support the policy, but that was before I realized it is unfair.† 2. When should I use would as in â€Å"I would want to eat there,† as opposed to â€Å"I want to eat there†? What is the difference? â€Å"I would want to eat there† implies or precedes a condition: â€Å"I would want to eat there if it weren’t so expensive.† â€Å"I want to eat there,† by contrast, expresses a simple desire. 3. What’s the difference between â€Å"If I can, then I will† and â€Å"If I could, then I would†? â€Å"If I can, then I will† expresses a simple desire to accommodate. â€Å"If I could, then I would† implies that, because of a condition that is unnamed or not yet named, one is unable to accommodate. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Farther vs. FurtherTelling a Good Poem from a Bad OneEach vs. Both

Cultural Relativism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cultural Relativism - Essay Example views of families who has common theme of central aspect of experience, evaluation, thought and reality which is relative to something else (Atran and Medin,46). In the video session, Rachel’s rejects cultural relativism since in his understanding, cultural relativism is similar to ethical relativism, which in turn leads to inability to criticize believes and practices of different societies (Atran and Medin,67). Despite the fact that relatives lines of thought a times leads to improbable conclusions, there is always something seductive about them, which has captivated wide range of thinkers from various traditions. The major philosophical issues of intellectual descendants of cultural relativism includes the multiculturalism which gives equal value for all cultures, racism which is a type of multiculturalism where individual has an erroneous idea about his or her race, political correctness, deconstructionism and postmodernisms. In the video summary of James Rachel, he explains the elements of moral philosophy by first defining the meaning of morality. He gives an example of baby Theresa who was born without auxiliary functions of her brain, the baby is left so that her organs can be used to help others, and this creates an argument that life is worthless without better interaction with each other. The other side argues that using other person’s life to fulfil the other is wrong and unethical (Atran and Medin, 98). Rachel also continues to explain that different cultures have unique customs and different ways of thinking. This shows that it would be very hard for a particular individual of one culture to understand these differences (Atran and Medin, 156). This makes it difficult to judge individual culture of living, the problem with this cultural relativism is that as an argument it does not make sense in universal truths of

Outline the key factors influencing viability of desirable development Essay

Outline the key factors influencing viability of desirable development in Croydon, and discuss how they might be effectively mediated by the local planning authority - Essay Example Lastly, are my recommendations of policies to the council and justify them. Urban planning is best defined as a form of state intervention in a development process dominated by the private sector (David, P.2). As David stated, any form of planning including bargaining, negotiation, controlling is in the purpose of producing a better urban environment for people living in the area. It is a means to achieve sustainable development including the use of scarce resources, better social inclusion, long-term economic growth, which ensures better lives for ourselves and a better environment for future generations (NPPF, 2012). Solving the existing physical and social issues by making relevant policies, planning authorities are participating into the market in the role of moderately improving the situation towards a more acceptable position. Croydon Unitary Development Plan was the development plan for the borough until the LDF comes into force in 2012. Croydon, as the largest London borough, has the highest population among all London boroughs. It has a wide variety of residential areas. The residential neighborhoods comprise distinct communities that focus on established centers. Croydon has a significant commercial city center, which is built in the purpose of regional, as well as national importance in the Vision 2020 for Croydon Metropolitan Center. It has a fully developed infrastructure including convenient traffic linking to London and efficient public transportation. UDP (2006) indicates, the development strategy takes the Croydons location, role in the economic activity, and present situation into account. The city needs to grow positively by providing a certain amount of housing to meet the market demand, a series of jobs to meet employment needs, and the implementation of the Vision 2020 for Croydon Metropolitan Centre. Meanwhile, the plan also looks for opportunities for fully development

Financial Accounitng Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Financial Accounitng - Essay Example Revenues are realizable when assets received in exchange are readily convertible to known amounts of cash or claims to cash. Revenues are earned when the entity has performed its duties to be entitled to compensation. There are four main transactions of this kind: Revenue from selling inventory is recognized at the date of sale (usually interpreted as the date of delivery). Revenue from performing services is recognized when services have been performed and are billable. Revenue from permission to use company's assets (e.g. interests for using money, rent for using fixed assets, and royalties for using intangible assets) is recognized as time passes or as assets are used. Revenue from selling an asset other than inventory is recognized at the point of sale. However following are the exceptions to above rule. Revenues not recognized at the time of delivery The general rule says that revenue from selling inventory is recognized at the point of sale, but there are several exceptions. Buyback agreements Buyback agreement means that a company sells a product and agrees to buy it back after some time. If buyback price covers all costs of the inventory and related holding costs, the inventory remains on the seller's books. There was no sale. Returns Companies, which cannot reasonably estimate the amount of future returns and/or have extremely high rates of returns, should recognize revenues only when the right to return expires. Those companies, which can estimate the number of future returns and have a relatively small return rate can recognize revenues at the point of sale, but must deduct estimated future returns. Revenues recognized before delivery Long-term contracts This...If buyback price covers all costs of the inventory and related holding costs, the inventory remains on the seller's books. There was no sale. Companies, which cannot reasonably estimate the amount of future returns and/or have extremely high rates of returns, should recognize revenues only when the right to return expires. Those companies, which can estimate the number of future returns and have a relatively small return rate can recognize revenues at the point of sale, but must deduct estimated future returns. This exception primarily deals with long-term contracts such as constructions (buildings, stadiums, bridges, highways, etc.), development of aircraft, weapons, and space exploration hardware. Such contracts must allow the builder (seller) to bill the purchaser at various parts of the project (e.g., every 10 miles of road built). (3) The seller is expected to complete the project, then revenues, costs, and gross profit can be recognized each period based upon the progress of construction (that is, percentage of completion). For example, if during the year, 25% of the building was completed, the builder can recognize 25% of the expected total profit on the contract. This method is preferred. However, expected loss should be recognized fully and immediately due to conservatism principle. According to Completed, contract method should be

The Usage Of Wireshark Computer Science Essay

The Usage Of Wireshark Computer Science Essay This document explains the usage of WIRESHARK, its mechanism, its detailed evaluation and demonstration. The main objective behind this report is to operate Wireshark with its powerful features, what are the limitations / Weaknesses. This document also describes the main purpose of Wireshark along with its benefits and disadvantages in a network. Finally the steps that are required to safeguard the system by using Wireshark are also dealt. Table of Contents Overview †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Mechanism of Wireshark †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Demonstration and Evaluation .†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Limitations / Weaknesses .†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 Steps to Protect System †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 Literature Review †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 16 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 18 1. Overview: Wireshark is a great piece of free open source software for network monitoring and it is a fantastic packet sniffer. It was created by Gerald Combs a computer science graduate during his education period. In late 1990s it was known as Ethereal which was used to capture and analyse packets. However in 2006 summer due to some trademark and legal issues it was renamed to WIRESHARK. Wireshark interactively examines and investigates data from http requests, Cookies, Forms, Ethernet, Token-Ring, FDDI, live network, or a captured file. It can easily decipher data and displays it as clear as possible. It does contain some powerful features like TCP Stream which allows viewing reconstructed stream of TCP session and it also has the capability to monitor UDP and SSL streams. In the same way it allows number of protocols and media types. Wireshark uses plug-ins to eliminate new protocols. It is based on libpcap tool. Tethereal is a tcpdump like console which is included in it. It is capable of performing live capture of network packets, offline network analysis and VoIP analysis. It is also used as protocol analysis tool. Wireshark is cross platform, easy to download and install. It comfortably runs on UNIX (NetBSD, OpenBSD, Apple Mac OS X, etc.), LINUX (Dedian, Ubuntu, Slackware, etc.), Windows (Xp, Vista, 7, etc.). Wireshark is very similar to tcp dump and it can also work with GUI. It can be executed in tty mode by using Tshark as a command line tool. It can also access packets captured from other sniffers such as Wild Packets, Visual Networks Visual UpTime, Snoop, Network General Sniffer, Microsoft Network Monitor, tcp dump, CA NetMaster and many other. Users can create personalized filter strings to attain granular level of configuration. Wireshark is a top rated packet sniffer. The best powerful feature of Wireshark is tracking, detecting and decoding data by using enormous array of display filters, which allows user to extract the exact traffic required. It has a standard built in three-pane packet browser. Various protocols like Kerberos, WEP, IPsec and WPA are supported for decryption. Colori ng rules is one of the best features that applied for quick and intuitive analysis of packet list. The captured data packets can be saved to disk and that can be exported to various formats such as plain text, xml, or CSV. In a network Wireshark enables to access different Protocol Data Units as it understands number of networking protocols. The Basic part of Wireshark software is pcap tool, but when dealt withnwindows operating systems it is known as Wincap which allows Wireshark to run on the system. Promiscuous Mode is a main feature of Wireshark which allows capturing packets across the network. It works in promiscuous mode by Network Interface Card (NIC). The network administrator must either place the correct precautions or sniffers like Wireshark which poses several security threats that traverse across a network. Because of those threats Virtual Local Network uses some reliable protocols like Secure Shell (SSH), Secure Socket Layer (SSL), and Transport Layer (TLS). 2. Mechanism of Wireshark: Wireshark is a preinstalled tool used in many Linux distributions. However in Backtrack it is a preinstalled and can be used directly from the start menu/ All Applications/ Internet / Wireshark. The main purpose of this network analyser is to capture data packets. Wireshark grabs data packets for every single request between the host and server. Now a days technology is like a Gun, much more sophisticated as it can use for both good and evil. Wireshark has number of advantages, for instance, network administrators use it for trouble shooting network problems. Security engineers use it for examining the security problems in a network. Developers use it very often for debugging protocol implementations. Most of the folks use it to learn network protocols. Wireshark can measure data in a perfect manner but it cannot manipulate data. The following illustration describes the Wireshark function blocks: Wireshark function blocks. Source: http://www.wireshark.org/docs/wsdg_html_chunked/ChWorksOverview.html GTK 1/2: GTK handles all the requests (i.e) input/output for windows and it does contain source code in gtk folder. Core: The main core glue code holds the extra blocks together in which the source code is available in root folder. Epan: Epan means Ethereal Packet Analyser, it is a data packets analysing engine. It consists of Protocol Tree, Dissectors, Plugins and vast number of display filters. Source code for EPAN is available in epan folder. Protocol Tree holds the protocol information of the captured packets. Dissectors consist of number of protocol dissectors in epan/dissectors directory. Some protocol dissectors can be executed as plugins to eliminate new protocols where as its source code is available in plugins. Display Filters can be found in epan/dfilter directory and these are also display filter engine. Wiretap: The wiretap is a library which is mainly used to read and write captured packets to libpcap and other file formats on harddisk. Source code is available in wiretap directory. Capture: Capture is an engine which has captured data. It holds captured libraries which are platform independent. As a result Wireshark has number of display and capture filters. Builtbot: The Buildbot automatically reconstructs Wireshark for the changes occurred in repositories source code and brings up some problematic changes. It provides up to date binary packages. It is helpful for bugfix and fuzz test and it also shows problems which are very hard to find. Buitbot can create binary package and source package. It can also run regression tests. 3. Demonstration and Evaluation: Capturing Packets: After logging in to Wireshark Network Analyses, click on Capture then select Interfaces as shown in Fig 1. Select the required interface to capture packets. Every interface will be provided with Start and Options as in Fig 2. Start allows capturing data and Options button allow configuring the options in the interface as shown in Fig 3. Fig 1 C:UsersNarenDesktop1.png Fig 2 C:UsersNarenDocumentsNarenStudy PlaceBack UpNarenWireshark1 (3).png Fig 3 C:UsersNarenDesktop3.png Capture packets in promiscuous mode: This option lets the adaptor to capture packets not only within system but also across the network but network administrator can know about this. Limit each packet to: This option limits the maximum number of bytes to capture from each and every packet. The size includes the link layer header and other subsequent headers, so this option is generally left unset to get full frames. Capture Filters and Capture File: Capture Filters allow only specific type of protocols to enter so that it reduces amount of packets to capture. Capture File allows a file from the system to save the captured traffic. Wireshark by default uses temporary files and memory to capture traffic. Multiple files: This option stores captured data to number of files instead of a single file. When Wireshark needs to capture for a long time this option is useful. The generated file name consists of an incrementing number with the creation time captured data. Stop Capture: This option allows Wireshark to stop capturing after the given number of packets has been captured. Display Options: Update list of packets in real time option saves captured files immediately to the main screen but it slows down the capture process and packet drops can be appeared. Automatic scrolling in live capture automatically allows Wireshark to scroll the packet list (i.e.) the latest captured data. This option will work when update list of packets in real time is enable. Hide capture info dialog is to hide the information while capturing. It is better to disable this option to understand packets being captured from each protocol. Name Resolution: Enable MAC name resolution is to perform the mac layer name resolution by enabling it while capturing data. Enable network name resolution performs the network layer name resolution. It is better to disable this because Wireshark issues DNS quires to resolve IP protocols. Enable transport name resolution this attempts Wireshark to perform transport layer transport name resolution. Data can be captured with (fig3) or without (fig2) configuration the options. Click in start button to start the capturing packets. But it is better to keep the browser ready before starting the capture. Now generate some traffic and that will be captured by Wireshark. Fig 4 This was the traffic generated at that instance C:UsersNarenDocumentsNarenStudy PlaceBack UpNarenWireshark1 (4).png Fig 5 This was the traffic captured and it has many protocols like TCP, HTTP and TLSv1 etc. C:UsersNarenDocumentsNarenStudy PlaceBack UpNarenWireshark1 (5).png As shown in below fig 6, 7 protocols can be filtered by using Filter or Expression. Filters can directly sort out after typing the required addresses. But coming to Expression user must select the required addresses from the field name. Finally click Apply button on main screen, then only it will be filtered. Fig 6 C:UsersNarenDocumentsNarenStudy PlaceBack UpNarenWireshark1 (6).PNG Fig 7 The following Fig 8, Fig 9 shows the filtered HTTP addresses Fig 8 Fig 9 Wireshark grabs data for each and every request between the host and server. Traffic can also be sorted by clicking on Protocol, Time, Source and Destination. But in above Fig 9 it was filtered by using Expression. In the above Fig 9 (774 http GET) address was selected and then Wireshark displayed Frame Number, Ethernet, Internet Protocol, Hypertext Transfer Protocol and few more. Among Hypertext Transfer Protocol is very important because it consists of the following data. GET /webapps/SHU-pmt-bb†¦../bullets†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Host: shuspace.shu.ac.ukrn User Agent: Mozilla/†¦.. It provides some more details like Accept, Accept Language and few more as shown in Fig 9. In Fig 10 there is column at last which consists of hard cipher. Data like user id, password and cookies etc. will be embedded in that cipher. To view that data simply click on Analyze and next click Follow TCP Stream as shown in Fig 11. Fig 10 Fig 11 The above picture shows all the details in the captured data. The data in the Fig 11 doesnt contain user id and password because it was not login page. If it is the login page means here itself the user id and password will be displayed. Wireshark can also grab data from forms and examine cookies. Wireshark has so many options like start capture, stop capture restart live capture and save capture etc. Fig 12 and 13 shows how the captured data can be saved. It also shows the number of packets selected and captured by it. Wireshark can reuse that data for further investigation. It allows adding a new capture type to libpcap. When Tap interface is added to Wireshark, it can produce protocol statistics. Fig 12 Fig 13 4. Limitations / Weaknesses: Some sniffers have the best feature, metrics of network traffic can be counted without storing captured packets because some host may have tremendous amount of traffic and required to monitor for a long time without causing conflicts like inbound or outbound traffic. Bounce diagrams are very helpful to view TCP traffic but in Wireshark TCP Tap listener must be included to draw bounce diagrams. If Wireshark allows pair of Ethernet interfaces then it will be easy to test network latency. When comparing captures manually it is better to include SHA1, CRC and MD5 on protocols so that packet corruption can be eliminated. Wireshark required adding automatic update feature to Win32 for every month to update security features. Properties of the last used interface (MAC and IP etc.) must be made available so that it is easy to use variables. Wireshark must be able to capture an interface which is not in existence presently so that it can start capturing immediately after creating of that preferred interface and similarly to capture from USB and FireWire on platforms which are supported. It must also have a compressor to compress data while writing to harddisk. In recent times Wireshark was becoming popular in security bulletins because of several security related bugs. Protecting the system: Network administrators use Wireshark for troubleshooting the network problems. Protocol examination is a procedure used to notice in a real time. The raw data sent across the network interface is helpful for network arrangement and troubleshooting. Wireshark is used to monitoring distributed application and that monitored data can be used for detecting errors so performance will be improved. It is mainly used for examining the security problems and debugging protocol implementations. Easy to access and learn TCPIP protocols, MAC frame, IP datagram. Dag cards are specialised network monitoring cards. Multi-threading allows the capturing and also speedup the application by reducing the response time. The captured data can be used in any way depends on the persons goal. Sniffers are designed to solve network problems but in same they are malicious. It is very hard to identify sniffer because of passiveness, alternatively there are some way to detect by ARP detection technique, RTT detection and some more like SNMP monitoring. 6. Literature Review: 7. Conclusion: This report explains the operation of Wireshark Network Analyser with clear demonstration. Initially report describes the overview and outstanding features of Wireshark like TCP Steam, Promiscous Mode, TethereaI, Plugins, Three-Pane, PDU, NIC and cross platform working etc. In mechanism illustrated the internal function blocks, Interfaces and Packages of Wireshark. Next in demonstration part capturing procedure steps, configuration options and filters are described with graphical representation. This report mainly focuses on how Wireshark grabs data packets from the network and why it is the best among all the sniffers. Lastly some of the limitations/weaknesses that are present in Wireshark. The main objective of this assignment was to complete the Systems and Application Security module in ISS Masters and get idea of all the applications regarding to security stream. In particular, I would like to state that the assignment helped a lot to learn about all the options in Wireshark. Finally I thank Mr Neil for giving me this chance to explore my knowledge.

The Link Between Height and Personal Success :: Biology Essays Research Papers

The Link Between Height and Personal Success Your height won't influence what you earn as much as your race or gender, but it may well be significant. In Britain and America, the tallest quarter of the population earns 10% more than the shortest quarter. A white American man averages a 1.8% higher income than his counterpart an inch shorter (1). Economics is not the only area in which taller people win: out of the US's 42 presidents, only eight have been below average height for the time. Most have been significantly taller than the average for white adult males of their eras (2). Tall men are also more likely to be married and have children (3). Outside of normal height differences, people with growth deficiency are much more aware of the role height plays in their lives. A study done through a growth clinic showed that children with growth deficiency are more likely to have social problems. The problems included lower social competance, increased behavior problems, and low self-esteem. Another study found lower rates of employment and marriage when children with growth deficiency grew up (4). One theory of why tall people are more successful is that there is stigma attatched to height, and thus short people are seen as easier to dominate (2). Another theory is that evolutionarily, tall people had an advantage in hunting and such and were thus associated with positive traits (5). Perhaps we still retain this association unconciously. The third theory is that taller people have a better-self image, and this increased confidence makes them more successful (2). A factor that may influence both earnings and height is one's family background. Shorter men tend to come from bigger families with parents who have less education than those of taller men. This shorter height may be a factor of poor childhood nutrition, and parents with less education are more likely to have children who also receive less education and therefore earn less. Family background is not the only influence, though, as shorter men still earn less than taller men from the same background (2). Effects that appear to stem from one's adult height, though, may have a different cause entirely. Participants in one study were asked to report their heights at ages 7,11, 16, and 23. The height that affected one's adult earnings, it turned out, was not the adult height but the 16-year-old height.